Compounding Precipitated Silica in Elastomers: Theory and Practice| by Norman Hewitt | ISBN: 9780815515289. Plastics Desing Books. Silica as a Reinforcing Filler. NATURAL RUBBER FORMULARY. EMULSION STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER FORMULARY. ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS. SM NEOPRENE. NITRILE FORMULARY. Rubber Processing
Compounding Precipitated Silica in Elastomers: Theory and Practice
by Norman Hewitt
ISBN:9780815515289
Containing comparisons of carbon black and silica compounds throughout the book, this valuable guide allows readers to select the most suitable formulation for applications ranging from tires to electrical insulation to shoe soles.
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Compounding Precipitated Silica in Elastomers—Theory and Practice
Preface
Chapter 1 – Silica as a Reinforcing Filler
1.1: INTRODUCTION
1.2: MANUFACTURE OF PRECIPITATED SILICA
1.3: SILICA AND CARBON BLACK
1.4: SILICA SURFACE AREA
1.5: SILICA FREE WATER
1.6: SILICA FREE WATER, EFFECT ON VISIBLE DISPERSION
1.7: SILICA SURFACE SILANOL GROUPS
1.8: SILICA pH
1.9: SOLUBLE SALTS IN SILICA
1.10: PHYSICAL FORM AND DENSITY OF SILICA
1.11: OTHER SILICA PROPERTIES
1.12: SILANE TREATED SILICAS
REFERENCES
Chapter 2 – Compounding Precipitated Silica in Natural Rubber
2.1: INTRODUCTION
2.2: SILICA AND CARBON BLACK
2.3: ACTIVATION: ZINC OXIDE
2.4: CURE ACTIVATION: GLYCOLS
2.5: ACCELERATION WITH SECONDARY ACCELERATORS IN NORMAL SULFUR SYSTEMS
2.6: ACCELERATION: SINGLE ACCELERATORS IN NORMAL SULFUR SYSTEMS
2.7: ACCELERATION: SINGLE ACCELERATORS; VULCANIZATE PROPERTIES
2.8: ACCELERATION: LOW SULFUR/SULFUR DONOR SYSTEMS
2.9: REVERSION
2.10: ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEMS: NON-STAINING
2.11: PLASTICIZATION
2.12: TEAR RESISTANCE
2.13: TEAR RESISTANCE: CONTOUR CURVE STUDIES OF SILICA CONTENT EFFECTS
2.14: TEAR RESISTANCE: SILICA PRIMARY PARTICLE SIZE
2.15: TEAR RESISTANCE; NON-MARKING SOLID TIRES
2.16: SHELF AGED STIFFNESS AND GREEN STRENGTH
2.17: PEROXIDE CURE
2.18: PEROXIDE CURING: SILICA REINFORCEMENT AND STRUCTURE
2.19: PEROXIDE CURING: SILICA SURFACE AREA
2.20: PEROXIDE CURE: SILANE COUPLING
2.21: SILANE COUPLING: SULFUR CURE SYSTEMS
2.22: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS
2.23: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS: POLYISOPRENE (IR)
2.24: BRASS ADHESION
2.25: BRASS ADHESION MECHANISM
2.26: ADHESION TO TEXTILE FABRICS; THE HRH SYSTEM
2.27: FABRIC ADHESION: DYNAMIC TESTING
2.28: HEAT RESISTANCE
REFERENCES
NATURAL RUBBER FORMULARY
NATURAL RUBBER FORMULARY CONTINUED
NATURAL RUBBER FORMULARY CONTINUED
NATURAL RUBBER FORMULARY CONTINUED
Chapter 3 – Compounding Precipitated Silica in Emulsion SBR
3.1: INTRODUCTION
3.2: SILICA AND CARBON BLACK
3.3: CURE SYSTEMS: ACTIVATION WITH GLYCOLS
3.4: CURE SYSTEM: ZINC OXIDE ACTIVATION
3.5: CURE SYSTEM: MAGNESIUM OXIDE ACTIVATION
3.6: CURE SYSTEM: LEAD OXIDE (LITHARGE) ACTIVATION
3.7: CURE SYSTEM: STEARIC ACID
3.8: CURE SYSTEMS: PRIMARY, SECONDARY ACCELERATORS
3.9: CURE SYSTEMS: SINGLE ACCELERATORS
3.10: CURE SYSTEMS: SULFUR CONCENTRATION
3.11: PLASTICIZATION
3.12: ANTIOXIDANTS
3.13: TEAR RESISTANCE: SILICA PRIMARY PARTICLE SIZE
3.14: TEAR RESISTANCE: SILICA CONTENT
3.15: FABRIC ADHESION
3.16: HEAT RESISTANCE
3.17: SILANE COUPLING
3.18: SILANE COUPLING: COMPETITION
REFERENCES
EMULSION SBR FORMULARY
EMULSION SBR FORMULARY CONTINUED
Chapter 4 – Compounding Precipitated Silica in Solution SBR and BR
4.1: INTRODUCTION
4.2: SILICA AND CARBON BLACK
4.3: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS
4.4: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS: ACCELERATORS AND SULFUR
4.5: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS: POLYMER EFFECTS
4.6: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS: ZINC OXIDE AND HMT
4.7: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS: EFFECTS OF ADDITIVES
4.8: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS: SULFUR CONTENT
4.9: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEM: ANTIOXIDANTS
4.10: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS: PROCESSING
4.11: ZINC-FREE SYSTEMS: PLASTICIZERS
4.12: ZINC-FREE SYSTEMS: ADDITIVE PLASTICIZERS
4.13: SILANE COUPLING: PRETREATED SILICA
4.14: SILANE COUPLING
4.15: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS: SURFACE AREA EFFECTS
4.16: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS: TROUSER TEAR STRENGTH
4.17: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS; SILICA CONTENT
4.18: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS: DUROMETER EQUIVALENTS
REFERENCES
SOLUTION SBR AND BR FORMULARY
SOLUTION SBR AND BR FORMULARY CONTINUED
Chapter 5 – Compounding Precipitated Silica in EPDM
5.1: INTRODUCTION
5.2: SILICA AND CARBON BLACK
5.3: ACCELERATION SYSTEMS
5.4: LOW SULFUR SYSTEMS WITH DONORS
5.5: ACTIVATION: OXIDES AND GLYCOLS
5.6: ANTIOXIDANTS: HEAT RESISTANCE
5.7: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS
5.8: SILANE COUPLING
5.9: SILICA SURFACE AREA
5.10: PEROXIDE CURE SYSTEMS
5.11: PROCESSING
5.12: ADHESION TO BRASS
5.13: FABRIC ADHESION
5.14: ADHESION TO ZINC (GALVANIZED) COATINGS
5.15: COMPRESSION FATIGUE LIFE
REFERENCES
EPDM FORMULARY
EPDM FORMULARY CONTINUED
Chapter 6 – Compounding Precipitated Silica in Neoprene
6.1: INTRODUCTION
6.2: NSM (TYPE W) NEOPRENE: OXIDE CROSSLINKING
6.3: NSM NEOPRENE (W): ORGANIC ACCELERATION
6.4: NSM NEOPRENE: GLYCOL ACTIVATION
6.5: NSM NEOPRENE: PLASTICIZATION
6.6: NSM NEOPRENE: SILICA AND BLACK
6.7: SILICA SURFACE AREA
6.8: NSM NEOPRENE: SILANE COUPLING
6.9: NSM NEOPRENE: FABRIC ADHESION
6.10: NSM NEOPRENE: BRASS ADHESION
6.11: NSM NEOPRENE: WATER ABSORPTION
6.12: SULFUR MODIFIED (SM) NEOPRENE: CURE SYSTEMS
6.13: SM NEOPRENE: GLYCOL ACTIVATION
6.14: SM NEOPRENE: RETARDING SCORCH
6.15: SM NEOPRENE: SILANE COUPLING
6.16: SM NEOPRENE: PROCESSING
6.17: SM NEOPRENE: SILICA SURFACE AREA EFFECTS
6.18: SM NEOPRENE: SILICA FREE WATER CONTENT
6.19: SM NEOPRENE: CORD AND FABRIC ADHESION
6.20: SM NEOPRENE: BRASS ADHESION
REFERENCES
NEOPRENE FORMULARY
NEOPRENE FORMULARY CONTINUED
Chapter 7 – Compounding Precipitated Silica in Nitrile
7.1: INTRODUCTION
7.2: SILICA AND CARBON BLACK
7.3: SILICA SURFACE AREA
7.4: NBR/PVC BLENDS
7.5: ACCELERATION – SULFUR CONTENT
7.6: ACCELERATORS
7.7: ACTIVATORS
7.8: SILANE COUPLING
7.9: PEROXIDE CURING
7.10: PROCESSING
7.11: ZINC-FREE CURE SYSTEMS
7.12: PHENOLIC RESINS
7.13: NBR ADHESION TO BRASS
7.14: NBR ADHESION TO FABRIC
REFERENCES
NITRILE FORMULARY
NITRILE FORMULARY CONTINUED
Appendix A – Compounding Basics
A.1: THE COMPOUND
A.2: THE FORMULA
A.3: DESIGN OF FORMULAS
A.4: FORMULA MIXING
A.5: DISPERSION
A.6: PROCESSING PROPERTIES
A.7: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
A.8: SILICA SURFACE AREA
Appendix B – Compounding Materials
B.1: ELASTOMERS
B.2: NATURAL RUBBER (NR)
B.3: STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR)
B.4: POLYBUTADIENE RUBBER (BR)
B.5: ETHYLENE PROPYLENE RUBBERS (EPM, EPDM)
B.6: NEOPRENE (CR)
B.7: NITRILE RUBBER (NBR)
B.8: SULFUR-BASED CURE SYSTEMS
B.9: NON-SULFUR CURE SYSTEMS
B.10: ANTIDEGRADANTS
B.11: OTHER ADDITIVES
Appendix C – Rubber Processing
C.1: MASTICATION
C.2: MASTERBATCHING
C.3: REMILLING
C.4: FINISH MIXING
C.5: EXTRUDING
C.6: CALENDERING
C.7: VULCANIZATION
Appendix D – Physical Testing of Rubber
D.1: PROCESSABILITY
D.2: VULCANIZATE TESTS
D.3: WEATHER AND OZONE RESISTANCE TESTS
D.4: ACCELERATED AGING TESTS
D.5: FLUID RESISTANCE TESTS
D.6: LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES TESTS
Appendix E – Common Compounding Abbreviations
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Handbook of Molded Part Shrinkage and Warpage | by Jerry Fischer | ISBN: 9781884207723. Plastics Processing Principles. Mold Design Techniques. How to Prevent Warpage in Thin Molded Lids. Injection Molding Design. In-Mold Shrinkage. Post-Mold Shrinkage. Mold Construction Materials.
Handbook of Molded Part Shrinkage and Warpage
by Jerry Fischer
ISBN:9781884207723
Examining computer-aided methods of forecasting shrinkage and warpage, this handbook explains why moldings shrink and warp, shows how additives and reinforcements change the picture, sets out the effect of molding process conditions, and more.
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Handbook of Molded Part Shrinkage and Warpage
Preface
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Plastics Processing
1.0: Introduction
1.1: Interactivity Basics
1.2: Thermodynamic Principles Governing Injection Molding
Chapter 2 – Shrinkage and Warpage
2.1: In-Mold Shrinkage
2.2: Warpage
2.3: Post-Mold Shrinkage
Chapter 3 – Causes of Molded-Part Variation—Part Design
3.1: Wall Thickness
3.2: Ribs
3.3: Bosses
3.4: Example of Proper Part Design
3.5: Other Design Considerations
Chapter 4 – Causes of Molded-Part Variation—Material
4.1: Amorphous and Semicrystalline Resins
4.2: Effects of Fillers, Reinforcements, Pigments, Time, and Stress
4.3: Shrinkage Predictions: Using Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) Relationships
Chapter 5 – Causes of Molded-Part Variation—Mold Design
5.1: Cavity Dimensions and Design Factors
5.2: Gate Types
5.3: Gate Location
5.4: Gate Size
5.5: Gate-Design Systems
5.6: Runner Design
5.7: Mold-Cooling Design
5.8: Mold Construction Materials
5.9: Prototype Molding with SLA or Similar Type Molds
5.10: Pitfalls to Avoid
Chapter 6 – Causes of Molded-Part Variation—Processing
6.1: Molding Conditions
6.2: Injection Melt Temperature
6.3: Injection Rate and Pressure
6.4: Holding Pressure and Time
6.5: Mold Temperature
6.6: Demolding Temperature
6.7: Molded-In Stresses
6.8: Other Molding Processes
Chapter 7 – Factors Affecting Post-Mold Shrinkage and Warpage
7.1: Effects of Temperature on Dimensions
7.2: Effects of Moisture on Dimensions
7.3: Creep
Chapter 8 – Controlling Mold and Post-Mold Shrinkage and Warpage
Overview
8.1: Finding the Cause
8.2: Processing Considerations
8.3: Material Considerations
8.4: Tooling Considerations
8.5: Part Geometry
8.6: Controlling Warpage
Chapter 9 – Computer-Aided Analysis
Overview
9.1: Capabilities of CAA
9.2: Limitations of CAA
9.3: Selecting a CAA Program
9.4: Customer Requirements
9.5: Management Tools
9.6: Filling Analysis
9.7: Packing and Holding Simulation
9.8: Shrinkage/Warpage Simulation
9.9: Cooling Analysis
9.10: Costs
9.11: Conclusions
Chapter 10 – Case Studies
Overview
10.1: Unexpected Housing Shrink
10.2: Changing Materials Triggers Warpage
10.3: Creep in a Water Heater Stand
10.4: Oversize Part Injection-Molding Alkyd Thermoset
10.5: Inadequate Baby Dish Mold
10.6: Gas Entrapment in Baby Dish Mold
10.7: Warpage in a Molded Spool
10.8: Daisy-Wheel Breakage
10.9: PVC Part-Flashing Problems
10.10: Polycarbonate Switch Failure
10.11: Square Poker Chip Tray, Inadequate Shot Size
10.12: Problem Ejecting Square Poker Chips
10.13: Military Cup Material “Shrinkage”
10.14: Core-Deflection Problems
10.15: Elevator Gib Warpage
10.16: Sucker-Rod Guide Brittleness
10.17: Bottle-Cap Thread Distortion
10.18: Plastic Post Creep
10.19: Excessive Shrinkage of Glass-Filled Nylon
10.20: Preventing Warpage in Thin Molded Lids
Chapter 11 – Data
Overview
11.1: Unfilled Materials
11.2: Effects of Fillers
11.3: Shrinkage vs Various Parameters
11.4: Moisture Absorption Curves
11.5: Pressure Volume Temperature (PVT) Curves
11.6: Shrinkage and Warpage of Molded Disks
11.7: Angular Warpage
11.8: General Shrinkage Characteristics for Various Plastics
11.9: Material-Specific Shrinkage Characteristics
Appendix A – Conversion Factors and Equivalents
Appendix B – Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Material Names
B.1: Abbreviations and Acronyms
B.2: Material Names
Glossary
References and Bibliography
References (Cited in Text)
Bibliography
General References
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